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Skateboarding is an action sport that involves riding and performing tricks using a 馃憚 skateboard, as well as a recreational activity, an art form, an entertainment industry job, and a method of transportation.
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No cassino brasileiro, as cartas que mais se destacam entre os jogadores s茫o o assunto principal deste artigo. A seguir, voc锚 descobrir谩 quais s茫o as melhores cartas para jogar e como elas podem aumentar suas chances de ganhar no cassino.
No mundo dos jogos de cartas de cassino, o Blackjack 茅 um dos jogos mais populares e emocionantes. A carta-mestra neste jogo 茅 o "谩s", que pode valer tanto 1 como 11 pontos. Quando voc锚 recebe um 谩s em bac bo cassino bac bo cassino m茫o, suas chances de ganhar aumentam consideravelmente.
Outra carta importante no cassino brasileiro 茅 a do Baccarat. Neste jogo, a "carta do banco" 茅 a terceira carta que 茅 distribu铆da e pode ser uma das cartas que decidem o resultado final da m茫o. Essa carta pode ser uma vantagem significativa se voc锚 souber us谩-la corretamente.
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Hoje, as tr锚s cores fazem parte das varia莽玫es dos uniformes do tricolor Am茅rica, mas o time tamb茅m atuou 馃崒 com uniformes vermelhos entre 1933 e 1942, em protesto 脿 introdu莽茫o do profissionalismo no futebol.[3]
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O Wonder of the Seas 茅 um dos maiores e mais luxuosos navios de cruzeiro do mundo, oferecendo uma experi锚ncia 煤nica e emocionante para seus passageiros. Muitos turistas que embarcam neste lend谩rio navio de cruzeiro podem se perguntar se h谩 um cassino a bordo para bac bo cassino divers茫o e entretenimento. Ent茫o, existe um cassino no Wonder of the Seas?
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Team sport played with a spherical ball
"Soccer" redirects here.
For other uses, see Soccer (disambiguation)
Association football, more commonly known as football 馃崏 or soccer,[a] is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to 馃崏 propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.
The objective of the game is to score more goals than 馃崏 the opposing team by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular-framed goal defended by the opposing team.
Traditionally, 馃崏 the game has been played over two 45-minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes.
With an estimated 250 馃崏 million players active in over 200 countries and territories, it is the world's most popular sport.
The game of association football 馃崏 is played in accordance with the Laws of the Game, a set of rules that has been in effect since 馃崏 1863 and maintained by the IFAB since 1886.
The game is played with a football that is 68鈥?0 cm (27鈥?8 in) 馃崏 in circumference.
The two teams compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the 馃崏 bar), thereby scoring a goal.
When the ball is in play, the players mainly use their feet, but may use any 馃崏 other part of their body, except for their hands or arms, to control, strike, or pass the ball.
Only the goalkeepers 馃崏 may use their hands and arms, and only then within the penalty area.
The team that has scored more goals at 馃崏 the end of the game is the winner.
Depending on the format of the competition, an equal number of goals scored 馃崏 may result in a draw being declared, or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout.[5]
Internationally, association football 馃崏 is governed by FIFA.
Under FIFA, there are six continental confederations: AFC, CAF, CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, OFC and UEFA.
Of these confederations, CONMEBOL 馃崏 is the oldest one, being founded in 1916.
National associations (e.g.
The FA or JFA) are responsible for managing the game in 馃崏 their own countries both professionally and at an amateur level, and coordinating competitions in accordance with the Laws of the 馃崏 Game.
The most senior and prestigious international competitions are the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.
The men's World 馃崏 Cup is the most-viewed sporting event in the world, surpassing the Olympic Games.
[6] The two most prestigious competitions in European 馃崏 club football are the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Women's Champions League, which attract an extensive television audience throughout 馃崏 the world.
Since 2009, the final of the men's tournament has been the most-watched annual sporting event in the world.[7]Name
Association football 馃崏 is one of a family of football codes that emerged from various ball games played worldwide since antiquity.
Within the English-speaking 馃崏 world, the sport is now usually called "football" in Great Britain and most of Ulster in the north of Ireland, 馃崏 whereas people usually call it "soccer" in regions and countries where other codes of football are prevalent, such as Australia,[8] 馃崏 Canada, South Africa, most of Ireland (excluding Ulster),[9] and the United States; in Japan, the game is also primarily called 馃崏 sakk膩 (銈点儍銈兗), derived from "soccer".
A notable exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the 21st century, 馃崏 under the influence of international television, "football" has been gaining prevalence, despite the dominance of other codes of football, namely 馃崏 rugby union and rugby league.[10]
The term soccer comes from Oxford "-er" slang, which was prevalent at the University of Oxford 馃崏 in England from about 1875, and is thought to have been borrowed from the slang of Rugby School.
Initially spelled assoccer, 馃崏 it was later reduced to the modern spelling.
[11] This form of slang also gave rise to rugger for rugby football, 馃崏 fiver and tenner for five pound and ten pound notes, and the now-archaic footer that was also a name for 馃崏 association football.
[12] The word soccer arrived at its final form in 1895 and was first recorded in 1889 in the 馃崏 earlier form of socca.[13]History
Kicking ball games arose independently multiple times across multiple cultures.
[b] Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games.
[15][16] 馃崏 An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a stele of c.
375鈥?00 BCE in the National Archaeological 馃崏 Museum of Athens[14] appears on the UEFA European Championship trophy.
[17] Athenaeus, writing in 228 CE, mentions the Roman ball game 馃崏 harpastum.
Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence.
They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball 馃崏 more than what is recognizable as modern football.
[18][19][20][21][22][23] As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all modern football codes, 馃崏 these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking it.[24][25]
The Chinese competitive game cuju (韫撮灎, literally "kick ball"; also 馃崏 known as tsu chu) resembles modern association football.
[26] Cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands 馃崏 and the intent was to kick a ball through an opening into a net.
During the Han dynasty (206 BCE 鈥?馃崏 220 CE), cuju games were standardised and rules were established.
[18] Other East Asian games included kemari in Japan and chuk-guk 馃崏 in Korea, both influenced by cuju.
[27][28] Kemari originated after the year 600 during the Asuka period.
It was a ceremonial rather 馃崏 than a competitive game, and involved the kicking of a mari, a ball made of animal skin.
[29] In North America, 馃崏 pasuckuakohowog was a ball game played by the Algonquians; it was described as "almost identical to the kind of folk 馃崏 football being played in Europe at the same time, in which the ball was kicked through goals".[30]
Association football in itself 馃崏 does not have a classical history.
[17] Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world, FIFA has described 馃崏 that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe.
[31] The history of football in England dates 馃崏 back to at least the eighth century.
[32] The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts 馃崏 to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England.
The "Laws of the University Foot 馃崏 Ball Club" (Cambridge Rules) of 1856
The Cambridge rules, first drawn up at the University of Cambridge in 1848, were particularly 馃崏 influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football.
The Cambridge rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a 馃崏 meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools.
They were not universally adopted.
During the 1850s, many clubs 馃崏 unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world to play various forms of football.
Some came up with 馃崏 their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857,[33] 馃崏 which led to the formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867.
In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised 馃崏 an influential set of rules.[34]
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which 馃崏 first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London.
[35] The only 馃崏 school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse.
The Freemasons' Tavern was the setting for five more meetings of The 馃崏 FA between October and December 1863; the English FA eventually issued the first comprehensive set of rules named Laws of 馃崏 the Game, forming modern football.
At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath F.C.
, withdrew his club 馃崏 from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with 馃崏 the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping 馃崏 and holding.
Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, and instead in 1871 formed the 馃崏 Rugby Football Union.
The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen 馃崏 laws of the game.
[35] These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules 馃崏 which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia.
The Sheffield FA played by 馃崏 its own rules until the 1870s, with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between 馃崏 the games.[36]
The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by the footballer and cricketer Charles W.
Alcock, 馃崏 and has been contested by English teams since 1872.
The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between 馃崏 Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of Alcock.
England is also home to the world's first football league, 馃崏 which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor.
[37] The original format contained 12 clubs from 馃崏 the Midlands and Northern England.[38]
Laws of the Game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).
[39] The board was 馃崏 formed in 1886[40] after a meeting in Manchester of the Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of 馃崏 Wales, and the Irish Football Association.
FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they 馃崏 would adhere to the Laws of the Game of the Football Association.
[41] The growing popularity of the international game led 馃崏 to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913.
The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one 馃崏 representative from each of the four British associations.[42]
For most of the 20th century, Europe and South America were the dominant 馃崏 regions in association football.
The FIFA World Cup, inaugurated in 1930, became the main stage for players of both continents to 馃崏 show their worth and the strength of their national teams.
[43] In the second half of the century, the European Cup 馃崏 and the Copa Libertadores were created, and the champions of these two club competitions would contest the Intercontinental Cup to 馃崏 prove which team was the best in the world.[44]
In the 21st century, South America has continued to produce some of 馃崏 the best footballers in the world,[45] but its clubs have fallen behind the still dominant European clubs, which often sign 馃崏 the best players from Latin America and elsewhere.
[43][45] Meanwhile, football has improved in Africa, Asia and North America,[45] and nowadays, 馃崏 these regions are at least on equal grounds with South America in club football,[46] although countries in the Caribbean and 馃崏 Oceania regions (except Australia) have yet to make a mark in international football.
[47][48] When it comes to national teams, however, 馃崏 Europeans and South Americans continue to dominate the FIFA World Cup, as no team from any other region has managed 馃崏 to even reach the final.[43][45]
Football is played at a professional level all over the world.
Millions of people regularly go to 馃崏 football stadiums to follow their favourite teams,[49] while billions more watch the game on television or on the internet.
[50][51] A 馃崏 very large number of people also play football at an amateur level.
According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 馃崏 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football.
[52] Football has the highest global television audience 馃崏 in sport.[53]
In many parts of the world, football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of 馃崏 individual fans, local communities, and even nations.
Ryszard Kapu艣ci艅ski says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into 馃崏 rage when playing or watching football games.
[54] The Ivory Coast national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's 馃崏 civil war in 2006[55] and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a 馃崏 match in the rebel capital of Bouak茅, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time.
[56] By 馃崏 contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between 馃崏 El Salvador and Honduras.
[57] The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Croatian War of Independence of the 馃崏 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990.[58]
Women's association football has 馃崏 historically seen opposition, with national associations severely curbing its development and several outlawing it completely.
Restrictions started to be reduced in 馃崏 the 1970s and the first official women's World Cup[c] was the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup in China with only 馃崏 12 teams from the respective six confederations.
By the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France, this had increased to 24 馃崏 national teams, and a record-breaking 1.
12 billion viewers watched the competition.
[59]Women may have been playing football for as long as 馃崏 the game has existed.
Evidence shows that a similar ancient game (cuju, or tsu chu) was played by women during the 馃崏 Han dynasty (25鈥?20 CE), as female figures are depicted in frescoes of the period playing tsu chu.
[60] There are also 馃崏 reports of annual football matches played by women in Midlothian, Scotland, during the 1790s.[62][63]
North team of the British Ladies', the 馃崏 first organised women's football team, here pictured in March 1895
Association football, the modern game, has documented early involvement of women.
[63] 馃崏 In 1863, football governing bodies introduced standardised rules to prohibit violence on the pitch, making it more socially acceptable for 馃崏 women to play.
[64] The first match recorded by the Scottish Football Association took place in 1892 in Glasgow.
[62] In England, 馃崏 the first recorded game of football between women took place in 1895.
[64] Women's football has traditionally been associated with charity 馃崏 games and physical exercise, particularly in the United Kingdom.[65]
The best-documented early European team was founded by activist Nettie Honeyball in 馃崏 England in 1894.
It was named the British Ladies' Football Club.
Honeyball is quoted as, "I founded the association late last year 馃崏 [1894], with the fixed resolve of proving to the world that women are not the 'ornamental and useless' creatures men 馃崏 have pictured.
I must confess, my convictions on all matters where the sexes are so widely divided are all on the 馃崏 side of emancipation, and I look forward to the time when ladies may sit in Parliament and have a voice 馃崏 in the direction of affairs, especially those which concern them most.
"[66] Honeyball and those like her paved the way for 馃崏 women's football.
However, the women's game was frowned upon by the British football associations and continued without their support.
It has been 馃崏 suggested that this was motivated by a perceived threat to the "masculinity" of the game.[67]
Women's football became popular on a 馃崏 large scale at the time of the First World War, when female employment in heavy industry spurred the growth of 馃崏 the game, much as it had done for men 50 years earlier.
The most successful team of the era was Dick, 馃崏 Kerr Ladies F.C.
of Preston, England.
The team played in one of the first women's international matches against a French XI team 馃崏 in 1920,[68][69] and also made up most of the England team against a Scottish Ladies XI in the same year, 馃崏 winning 22鈥?.[62]
Despite being more popular than some men's football events, with one match seeing a 53,000 strong crowd in 1920,[70][71] 馃崏 women's football in England suffered a blow in 1921 when The Football Association outlawed the playing of the game on 馃崏 association members' pitches,[72] stating that "the game of football is quite unsuitable for females and should not be encouraged".
[73] Players 馃崏 and football writers have argued that this ban was, in fact, due to envy of the large crowds that women's 馃崏 matches attracted,[71] and because the FA had no control over the money made from the women's game.
[73] The FA ban 馃崏 led to the formation of the short-lived English Ladies Football Association and play moved to rugby grounds.[74]
Young Finnish girls football 馃崏 team of Kolarin Kontio in Pite氓, Sweden, in 2014
Association football continued to be played by women since the time of 馃崏 the first recorded women's games in the late 19th century.
[65][75] In December 1969, the Women's Football Association was formed in 馃崏 England,[65][76] and in 1971, Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) members voted to officially recognise women's football.
[65] Also in 1971, 馃崏 The Football Association rescinded the ban that prohibited women from playing on association members' pitches.
[76] In the late 1960s and 馃崏 early 1970s, women's association football was organised in the United Kingdom, eventually becoming the most prominent team sport for British 馃崏 women.
[65] Women's football also faced bans in several other countries, notably in Brazil from 1941 to 1979,[77] in France from 馃崏 1941 to 1970,[78] and in Germany from 1955 to 1970.[79]
Women's football still faces many struggles, but its worldwide growth[80] has 馃崏 seen major competitions being launched at both the national and international levels, mirroring the men's competitions.
The FIFA Women's World Cup 馃崏 was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since,[81] while women's football has been an Olympic event 馃崏 since 1996.
[82] North America is the dominant region in women's football, with the United States winning most FIFA Women's World 馃崏 Cups and Olympic tournaments.
Europe and Asia come second and third in terms of international success,[83][84] and the women's game has 馃崏 been improving in South America.[85]Gameplay
One half of a professional football match (45 minutes) between Slovenian clubs NK Nafta 1903 and 馃崏 NK Dob.
The result after the half is 0鈥?.
Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as 馃崏 the Laws of the Game.
The game is played using a spherical ball of 68鈥?0 cm (27鈥?8 in) circumference,[86] known as 馃崏 the football (or soccer ball).
Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal 馃崏 (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal.
The team that has scored more goals at the end 馃崏 of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is 馃崏 a draw.
Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of 馃崏 the Game: to represent their team in the coin toss before kick-off or penalty kicks.[5]
The primary law is that players 馃崏 other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they must use 馃崏 both their hands during a throw-in restart.
Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use 馃崏 any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the forehead)[87] other than their hands or arms.
[88] Within normal play, all 馃崏 players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though players may not pass 馃崏 to teammates who are in an offside position.[89]
During gameplay, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the 馃崏 ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is 馃崏 guarded by the opposing goalkeeper.
Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through 馃崏 tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted.
Football is generally a free-flowing game, 馃崏 with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the 馃崏 referee for an infringement of the rules.
After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.[90]
A player executing a slide tackle 馃崏 to dispossess an opponent
At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals.
For example, the 2005鈥?6 season of the 馃崏 English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match.
[91] The Laws of the Game do not specify any 馃崏 player positions other than goalkeeper,[92] but a number of specialised roles have evolved.
[93] Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, 馃崏 or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, 馃崏 who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team.
Players in 馃崏 these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper.
These positions are further subdivided according to 馃崏 the area of the field in which the player spends the most time.
For example, there are central defenders and left 馃崏 and right midfielders.
The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination.
The number of players in each position determines the 馃崏 style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse 馃崏 creates a slower, more defensive style of play.
While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there 馃崏 are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time.
[94] The layout of a team's players 馃崏 is known as a formation.
Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.[95]Laws
"Rules of football" 馃崏 redirects here.
For the rules of other football games, see Football
There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, 馃崏 each containing a collection of stipulations and guidelines.
The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football for 馃崏 both sexes, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors and people with physical disabilities are permitted.
[d] The laws 馃崏 are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game.
The Laws 馃崏 of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the IFAB.
[96] In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous 馃崏 IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of association football.
[97][98] Within the United States, Major League Soccer used 馃崏 a distinct ruleset during the 1990s[99] and the National Federation of State High School Associations and National Collegiate Athletic Association 馃崏 still use rulesets that are comparable to, but different from, the IFAB Laws.
Players, equipment, and officials
The referee officiates in a 馃崏 football match
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper.
Competition rules 馃崏 may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven.
Goalkeepers are the only players 馃崏 allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front 馃崏 of their own goal.
Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by 馃崏 a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.[92]
The basic equipment or kit players are required to 馃崏 wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards.
An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for 馃崏 male players by medical experts and professionals.
[100][101] Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may 馃崏 choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury.
[102] Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is 馃崏 dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches.
The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from 馃崏 that worn by the other players and the match officials.[103]
A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the 馃崏 course of the game.
The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is five in 馃崏 90 minutes,[104] with each team being allowed one more if the game should go into extra-time; the permitted number may 馃崏 vary in other competitions or in friendly matches.
Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or 馃崏 timewasting at the end of a finely poised game.
In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not 馃崏 take further part in a match.
[105] IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven 馃崏 players in either team".
Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.[106]
A game is 馃崏 officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match 馃崏 to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final.
The referee is assisted by two assistant referees.
In 馃崏 many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the 馃崏 need arise.[107]
Goal line technology is used to measure if the whole ball has crossed the goal-line thereby determining whether a 馃崏 goal has been scored or not; this was brought in to prevent controversy.
Video assistant referees (VAR) have also been increasingly 馃崏 introduced in high-level matches to assist officials through video replays to correct clear and obvious mistakes.
There are four types of 馃崏 calls that can be reviewed: mistaken identity in awarding a red or yellow card, goals and whether there was a 馃崏 violation during the buildup, direct red card decisions, and penalty decisions.[108]Ball
The ball is spherical with a circumference of between 68 馃崏 and 70 cm (27 and 28 in), a weight in the range of 410 to 450 g (14 to 16 馃崏 oz), and a pressure between 0.6 and 1.
1 standard atmospheres (8.5 and 15.
6 pounds per square inch) at sea level.
In 馃崏 the past the ball was made up of leather panels sewn together, with a latex bladder for pressurisation, but modern 馃崏 balls at all levels of the game are now synthetic.[109][110]Pitch
Standard pitch measurements
As the Laws were formulated in England, and were 馃崏 initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally 馃崏 expressed in imperial units.
The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though use 馃崏 of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such 馃崏 as Britain.[111]
The length of the pitch, or field, for international adult matches is in the range of 100鈥?10 m (110鈥?20 馃崏 yd) and the width is in the range of 64鈥?5 m (70鈥?0 yd).
Fields for non-international matches may be 90鈥?20 m 馃崏 (100鈥?30 yd) in length and 45鈥?0 m (50鈥?00 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square.
In 2008, 馃崏 the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (115 yd) long and 68 m (74 yd) wide as 馃崏 a standard pitch dimension for international matches;[112] however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.[113]
The 馃崏 longer boundary lines are touchlines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines.
A rectangular goal 馃崏 is positioned on each goal line, midway between the two touchlines.
[114] The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must 馃崏 be 7.
32 m (24 ft) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must 馃崏 be 2.
44 m (8 ft) above the ground.
Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the 馃崏 Laws.[115]
In front of the goal is the penalty area.
This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on 馃崏 the goal line 16.
5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.
5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular 馃崏 to the goal line, and a line joining them.
This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to 馃崏 mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team 馃崏 becomes punishable by a penalty kick.
Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty 馃崏 kicks and corner kicks.[116]
Duration and tie-breaking methods
90-minute ordinary time
A standard adult football match consists of two halves of 45 minutes 馃崏 each.
Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play.
There is usually 馃崏 a 15-minute half-time break between halves.
The end of the match is known as full-time.
[117] The referee is the official timekeeper 馃崏 for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages.
This 馃崏 added time is called "additional time" in FIFA documents,[118][119] but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury 馃崏 time, while lost time can also be used as a synonym.
The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion 馃崏 of the referee.
Stoppage time does not fully compensate for the time in which the ball is out of play, and 馃崏 a 90-minute game typically involves about an hour of "effective playing time".
[120][121] The referee alone signals the end of the 馃崏 match.
In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half, the referee signals how many minutes 馃崏 of stoppage time they intend to add.
The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board 馃崏 showing this number.
The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee.
[117] Added time was introduced because of an 馃崏 incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa.
Trailing 1鈥? with two minutes remaining, Stoke were 馃崏 awarded a penalty kick.
Villa's goalkeeper deliberately kicked the ball out of play; by the time it was recovered, the clock 馃崏 had run out and the game was over, leaving Stoke unable to attempt the penalty.
[122] The same law also states 馃崏 that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed; thus, 馃崏 no game can end with an uncompleted penalty.[123]Tie-breaking
Most knockout competitions use a penalty shootout to decide the winner if a 馃崏 match ends as a draw
In league competitions, games may end in a draw.
In knockout competitions where a winner is required, 馃崏 various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock; some competitions may invoke replays.
[124] A game tied at the 馃崏 end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods.
If the score is still 馃崏 tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game 馃崏 as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament or 馃崏 be the champion.
Goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the game, but kicks from the 馃崏 penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament, with goals 馃崏 scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score.[5]
In competitions using two-legged matches, each team competes 馃崏 at home once, with an aggregate score from the two matches deciding which team progresses.
Where aggregates are equal, the away 馃崏 goals rule may be used to determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored the 馃崏 most goals in the leg they played away from home.
If the result is still equal, extra time and potentially a 馃崏 penalty shootout are required.[5]
Ball in and out of play
A player takes a free kick, while the opposition form a "wall" 馃崏 to try to block the ball
Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in 馃崏 play and ball out of play.
From the beginning of each playing period with a kick-off until the end of the 馃崏 playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, 馃崏 or play is stopped by the referee.
When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight 馃崏 restart methods depending on how it went out of play:
Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin 馃崏 each period of play.[90]
Throw-in: when the ball has crossed the touchline; awarded to the opposing team to that which last 馃崏 touched the ball.[125]
Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and 馃崏 having last been touched by a player of the attacking team; awarded to defending team.[126]
Corner kick: when the ball has 馃崏 wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of 馃崏 the defending team; awarded to attacking team.[127]
Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls, certain technical infringements, 馃崏 or when play is stopped to caution or dismiss an opponent without a specific foul having occurred.
A goal may not 馃崏 be scored directly (without the ball first touching another player) from an indirect free kick.[128]
Direct free kick: awarded to fouled 馃崏 team following certain listed "penal" fouls.
[128] A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick.
A goal may be 馃崏 scored directly from a direct free kick.
Penalty kick: awarded to the fouled team following a foul usually punishable by a 馃崏 direct free kick but that has occurred within their opponent's penalty area.[129]
Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for 馃崏 any other reason, such as a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming 馃崏 defective.
[90]MisconductOn-field
Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and dismissed from the game with a red card.
These colours were first introduced 馃崏 at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and used consistently since.
A foul occurs when a player commits an offence listed in 馃崏 the Laws of the Game while the ball is in play.
The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 馃崏 12.
Handling the ball deliberately, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct 馃崏 free kick or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred.
Other fouls are punishable by an indirect free kick.[88]
The referee 馃崏 may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card).
A second yellow card in 馃崏 the same game leads to a red card, which results in a dismissal.
A player given a yellow card is said 馃崏 to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in their official notebook.
If a player has been dismissed, no 馃崏 substitute can be brought on in their place and the player may not participate in further play.
Misconduct may occur at 馃崏 any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad.
In particular, the offence of "unsporting 馃崏 behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are 馃崏 not listed as specific offences.
A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute, substituted player, and 馃崏 to non-players such as managers and support staff.[88][130]
Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue if doing 馃崏 so will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed.
This is known as "playing an advantage".
[131] The referee 馃崏 may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within "a few seconds".
Even 馃崏 if an offence is not penalised due to advantage being played, the offender may still be sanctioned for misconduct at 馃崏 the next stoppage of play.[132]
The referee's decision in all on-pitch matters is considered final.
[133] The score of a match cannot 馃崏 be altered after the game, even if later evidence shows that decisions (including awards/non-awards of goals) were incorrect.
Off-field
Along with the 馃崏 general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, 馃崏 dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing.
Most competitions enforce 馃崏 mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game.
[134] Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as 馃崏 allegations of racial abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a red 馃崏 card.
[e] Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly 馃崏 harsh.[134]
Sanctions for such infractions may be levied on individuals or on clubs as a whole.
Penalties may include fines, point deductions 馃崏 (in league competitions) or even expulsion from competitions.
For example, the English Football League deduct 12 points from any team that 馃崏 enters financial administration.
[135] Among other administrative sanctions are penalties against game forfeiture.
Teams that had forfeited a game or had been 馃崏 forfeited against would be awarded a technical loss or win.
Governing bodies
Headquarters of FIFA, the world governing body of football
The recognised 馃崏 international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer)[d] is FIFA.
The FIFA headquarters are located 馃崏 in Z眉rich, Switzerland.
Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:[136]
National associations (or national federations) oversee football within individual countries.
These 馃崏 are generally synonymous with sovereign states (for example, the Cameroonian Football Federation in Cameroon), but also include a smaller number 馃崏 of associations responsible for sub-national entities or autonomous regions (for example, the Scottish Football Association in Scotland).
211 national associations are 馃崏 affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations.[136]
While FIFA is responsible for arranging competitions and most rules related 馃崏 to international competition, the actual Laws of the Game are set by the IFAB, where each of the UK Associations 馃崏 has one vote, while FIFA collectively has four votes.[42]
International competitions
The FIFA World Cup is the largest international competition in football 馃崏 and the world's most viewed sporting event
International competitions in association football principally consist of two varieties: competitions involving representative national 馃崏 teams or those involving clubs based in multiple nations and national leagues.
International football, without qualification, most often refers to the 馃崏 former.
In the case of international club competition, it is the country of origin of the clubs involved, not the nationalities 馃崏 of their players, that renders the competition international in nature.
The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised 馃崏 by FIFA.
This competition has taken place every four years since 1930, with the exception of the 1942 and 1946 tournaments, 馃崏 which were cancelled because of World War II.
Approximately 190鈥?00 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental 馃崏 confederations for a place in the finals.
The finals tournament, held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a 馃崏 four-week period.
[f] The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament as well as the most widely viewed and 馃崏 followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 馃崏 FIFA World Cup was estimated to be 26.
29 billion with an estimated 715.
1 million people watching the final match, a 馃崏 ninth of the entire population of the planet.
[137][138][139][140] The current champions are Argentina, who won their third title at the 馃崏 2022 tournament in Qatar.
[141] The FIFA Women's World Cup has been held every four years since 1991.
Under the tournament's current 馃崏 format, national teams vie for 31 slots in a three-year qualification phase, with the host nation's team entering automatically as 馃崏 the 32nd slot.
The current champions are the United States, after winning their fourth title in the 2019 tournament.
Spanish footballers Fernando 馃崏 Torres, Juan Mata, and Sergio Ramos celebrating winning the UEFA European Championship
There has been a football tournament at every Summer 馃崏 Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles.
[142] Before the inception of the World Cup, the 馃崏 Olympics (especially during the 1920s) were the most prestigious international event.
Originally, the tournament was for amateurs only.
[41] As professionalism spread 馃崏 around the world, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened.
The countries that benefited most were 馃崏 the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs.
Between 1948 and 馃崏 1980, 23 out of 27 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with only Sweden (gold in 1948 and bronze 馃崏 in 1952), Denmark (bronze in 1948 and silver in 1960) and Japan (bronze in 1968) breaking their dominance.
For the 1984 馃崏 Los Angeles Games, the IOC decided to admit professional players.
Since 1992, male competitors must be under 23 years old, although 馃崏 since 1996, three players over the age of 23 have been allowed per squad.
A women's tournament was added in 1996; 馃崏 in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.[143]
After the World Cup, 馃崏 the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between 馃崏 national teams.
These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa Am茅rica (CONMEBOL), the African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup 馃崏 (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC).
The FIFA Confederations Cup was contested by the winners 馃崏 of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which was hosting the next World 馃崏 Cup.
This was generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and did not carry the same 馃崏 prestige as the World Cup itself.
The tournament was discontinued following the 2017 edition.
The UEFA Nations League and the CONCACAF Nations 馃崏 League also exist.
The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national 馃崏 champions, for example, the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America.
The winners of each continental 馃崏 competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.[144]
Domestic competitions
The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, 馃崏 normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results.
Teams are placed into tables, 馃崏 placing them in order according to points accrued.
Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home 馃崏 and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament.
At the end of a season, the top team is declared the 馃崏 champion.
The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at 馃崏 the bottom are relegated to a lower division.[146]
The teams finishing at the top of a country's league may also be 馃崏 eligible to play in international club competitions in the following season.
The main exceptions to this system occur in some Latin 馃崏 American leagues, which divide football championships into two sections named Apertura and Clausura (Spanish for Opening and Closing), awarding a 馃崏 champion for each.
[147] The majority of countries supplement the league system with one or more "cup" competitions organised on a 馃崏 knock-out basis.
Some countries' top divisions feature highly paid star players; in smaller countries, lower divisions, and most of women's clubs, 馃崏 players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs.
The five top European leagues 鈥?Premier League (England),[148] Bundesliga (Germany), 馃崏 La Liga (Spain), Serie A (Italy), and Ligue 1 (France) 鈥?attract most of the world's best players and, during 馃崏 the 2006-07 season, each of these leagues had a total wage cost in excess of 鈧?00 million.[149]See alsoNotes
Listen to this 馃崏 article ( 30 minutes ) ( ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits.
This audio file was created from a 馃崏 revision of this article dated 5 September 2007, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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